<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.0 20120330//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="short-communication">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">VETZOO</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Veterinarija ir Zootechnika</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2669-2511</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">1392-2130</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>LSMU</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">FLORESS</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Short communication: In vitro Evaluation of Resistance of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus against Three Widely Used Ixoidicides</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Espinoza</surname>
            <given-names>Joseph</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_VETZOO_aff_000"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_VETZOO_aff_000">Comisión Nacional de Registro y Control de Sustancias Toxicas: Av. Bolívar, Managua, Nicaragua</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Flores</surname>
            <given-names>Byron</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:byronfloressomarriba@gmail.com">byronfloressomarriba@gmail.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_VETZOO_aff_001"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor2">∗∗</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_VETZOO_aff_001">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua-León (UNAN-León), Departamento de Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Centro Veterinario de Diagnóstico e Investigación (CEVEDI), León</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jerez</surname>
            <given-names>Jeffery</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_VETZOO_aff_002"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_VETZOO_aff_002">Agropecuaria Bravo S.A, Carretera Norte, Managua, Nicaragua</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sheleby-Elías</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_VETZOO_aff_003"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_VETZOO_aff_003">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua-León (UNAN-León), Departamento de Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Centro Veterinario de Diagnóstico e Investigación (CEVEDI), León</aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="cor2"><label>∗∗</label>Corresponding author.</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <volume>80</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>65</fpage>
      <lpage>69</lpage>
      <pub-date pub-type="ppub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>The deficiency of tick control causes large economic losses for the health of animals and the risk of transmission of zoonotic diseases. Their control is based on the use of acaricides such as organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids, amidines and macrocyclic lactones; however, its inappropriate use has favoured the presence of populations resistant to the main families of acaricides. This study was conducted with the objective to evaluate the resistance of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus against three widely used ixoidicides in Nicaragua, namely coumaphos, amitraz and cypermethrin, applied in the concentrations indicated by the manufacturer. For this, the techniques of Adult Immersion Test (AIT) and Larval Package Test (LPT) were applied, for which ticks were collected from farms in Western Nicaragua. The results obtained through the AIT show that coumaphos has a higher percentage of oviposition inhibition of 86%, while cypermethrin only demonstrated an oviposition of 12.9%. Mortality in adults treated with coumaphos was 97.72%, and in those treated with amitraz it was 48.8%, while cypermethrin only provided a mortality of 14.71%. In this study, the Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks collected from cattle were determined to have elevated levels of resistance to cypermethrin but low resistance to coumaphos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <label>Keywords</label>
        <kwd>ticks</kwd>
        <kwd>cattle</kwd>
        <kwd>resistance</kwd>
        <kwd>acaricides</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
